can drug dogs smell pills

Dogs have not been trained to smell medications such as Xanaxbecause many people use these types of medication and they are often prescribed by a medical professional. past sniffer dogs, though, and some claim to have had success. Getting the car cleaned thoroughly before entering the vehicle with any marijuana, and ensuring no trace substance of marijuana or any other drug is in the car will better the chances. Dogs have become an integral part of stopping crime, drugs, and other illegal substances. What is the point of a human being sniffing out anopioids, even if theyre manufactured as pill form? MDMA, known also as Ecstacy or Molly, is considered a "club" drug because it produces feelings of euphoria and increases energy drastically. Remember, their sense of smell is 100,000 times better than humans. Read on to find out why! Even further, the level of accuracy in scent detection may vary slightly depending on the dog or breed. Dan Hayter assisted in the development of a civilian drug dog standard for the first time. Opioids, which are painrelieving drugs, binds to opioid receptors in your body and block pain signals. Unfortunately, it wont be easy. However, substances in pill form, like pain pills, are perhaps the least offensive of the drugs as they are less prone to inhalation. Some drug detecting dogs also seek out legal substances in specific cases.A Can dogs sniff opioids? And, they even detect it This makes them an invaluable tool in the fight against drugs. You can mix that compound into anything and it will still alert the dog.. Because of this, it can be very difficult to transport marijuanaas even if the packaged marijuana is sealed securely, anything that has been touched in the vehicle may hold contaminating scents. Pests like bumblebees, termites, and beg bugs are examples of the pests dogs have been trained to detect so exterminators know exactly where the source of the issue comes from. The problem is, its near impossible to avoid contamination: Even if you put your drugs in a smell-proof container, theres a good chance that youll get microscopic but odorous particles somewhere, and a detection dog will pick up on those. This means, if a drug user has handled marijuana, and then touched the seat or steering wheel in their car, the drug dog can detect the presence of weed in the careven if no actual marijuana remains in the vehicle. It takes EXTREMELY INSANE levels of packaging, sealing, and repackaging to get the drugs deep enough to miss detection. Thats no good. Its very hard to fool a detection dog, Jessica Schulte, a canine nose work instructor, tells me. WebWell, its believed that with the right conditions, scent type, and air direction, dogs can smell drugs up to 12.4 miles away. Opioids The term "opioid" refers to a class of drugs, rather than a single type of drug. In fact, it might even be impossible. Dogs that bark at their handler may not notify the handler, while others may bark. Once they smell and detect the pain pills, the dog is generally trained to signal they found something by touching their nose to the area where they have found the pills and then they will just stand there and not move. WebYes, it is possible for police dogs to smell pens. Honestly, thats about it. 2023 Wag Labs, Inc. All rights reserved. For example, the type of drug, the amount of drug present, and the environment in which the dog is searching can all play a role. Deer pee, which is used by hunters to mask their scent and attract large bucks, is full of pheromones (and can be easily acquired on none other than Amazon). Dogs are very intelligent creatures, and because of this, they are highly trainable companions. Its the same reason why another nearby animal say, a family pet may also catch a sniffer dogs attention. You likely have some familiarity with how they work, although what we see in the movies and on TV is not always completely accurate. Sniffer-dogsare trained in a way to make them feel like they are trying to locate their favorite toy. Allegedly, those pheromones have the potential to distract a detection dog from doing its job. }); By using our website, you agree to the use of cookies as described in our Cookie PolicyAccept, Patrol & Protection Dogs Backed by Premium Detection Dog Training, How Are Security Dogs Trained? Similarly, this medication is given to dogs in veterinary hospitals on a regular basis. They can smell what it smells like. Can dogs smell opioid pills? Note: A full legal disclaimer and privacy policy can be found, How to Avoid Drug Dogs Smelling Marijuana (& other drugs). This can be considered probable cause, incriminating, and almost always leads to a full vehicle search. These dogs are able to detect even small amounts of these drugs, and their handlers rely on their keen sense of smell to help screen passengers and baggage for illegal drugs. Generally speaking, one can smell their own stash, right through the baggie, the moment it touches their fingertips. Tish Brooks I have been a dog trainer/ Canine Behaviorist since 1991. Crystal meth A stimulant classified as a controlled substance. This special training gives the dog the ability to use its natural toolkit for detecting drugs amongst the thousands of other scents out there. On the other hand, some dogs are trained to alert in an "aggressive way." Even when placed in tightly sealed containers or covered with stronger scents, dogs can detect small amounts of drugs. However, police canines are able to smell pills even when they are hidden. Signs Your Dog Smells Pills Dogs are trained to react to the scents in a multitude of ways. Cocaine Also known as coke, a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. Some dogs are trained to smell for tobacco at customs and in prisons. I can't say for sure, but one thing that I have found to be extremely smell proof for, um, other materials, is a contact lens case. Can drug dogs smell opioid pills? function setCookie_footer(cname, cvalue, exdays) { Tags: beating drug dogs, tricks for beating drug dogs, how to beat a drug dog, how to keep drug dogs from smelling weed, how to beat k-9 unit, how to trick k-9 unit. Drug dogs smell in the parts-per-billion, this is like us being able to see a person standing almost 200 miles away. While there are a lot of methods for beating the drug dog, it is always best to stick with tried and true strategies that are guaranteed to work every time. If police cannot find illicit drugs during a pat-down search, they may conduct a strip search. Smorgasborders have tried everything from perfume to coffee grounds to baking soda to mask their weed. Dogs are also good at sniffing out illicit drugs. THC must be at least 0.1% in all hemp-derived vape cartridges. Many people may believe the dog is stopping because they have found nothing, but in reality, they are staying close to the drugs they were supposed to find. Officers train police dogs solely to deal with illegal substances, such as Xanax, so that they can avoid disturbing people who take legal drugs. Again, its possible that a detection dog will still catch the scent on you, but unless youre acting weird or have already committed some other crime, its unlikely that the cops will go so far as to check inside your body, especially if youre trying to get into a big event and theyre trying to move people along. Marvel at the Canine Nose A dog's nose is so sensitive that it It takes EXTREMELY INSANE levels of packaging, sealing, and repackaging to get the drugs deep enough to miss detection. Some dogs are trained to smell for tobacco at customs and in prisons. Science Behind Dogs Smelling Pain Pills Many sniffer-dogs are not trained to smell opioids because they are very deadly and just smelling or touching them can cause a person or a dog to overdose on the drugs quickly. As part of their efforts to detect narcotics, American law enforcement officers have trained dogs to detect pain pills, opioids, and other narcotics. How Fast Are Trained Drug Detection Dogs? In some vape carts, CBD is the only thing contained; not all are. Drug dogs receive extensive training that costs law enforcement agencies between $2000 and $12,000 or more, depending upon the capabilities of the dog. After sealing the marijuana (or other drug) in a couple zip lock bag or other sealable container, it gets thrown into a priority mail box and taped up. by Rachelle | Dec 12, 2022 | Law Enforcement. Our dogs can recognize 13 substances, including cocaine, bath salts, meth, and opioids. However, the truth is, dogs are extremely smart and drug dogs have been trained to understand the difference between illicit substances and acceptable substances; thus, they will instantly understand that the drugs are concealed within the dog food. Author has 145 answers and 1.7M answer views Updated 3 y Related Can sniffer dogs smell ketamine? They interpret odors on the chemical level, so even if the drug is hidden in something stinky, the dog would still be able to detect that specific chemical.. With a bit of professional training, pups have the ability to sniff out pain pills and other contraband. For this reason, the anus becomes a hugely popular drug cavern, holding tightly onto some of the most surprising substances in many cases! Pills can be difficult to find because they are small and often hidden in other objects. Sometimes, the dog is kept on a leash as well. The short answer is yes, drug dogs can detect Adderall. In identifying a particular scent, dogs are first given a scent of the drug they are looking for. Furthermore, if you hide weed cartridges in a strong odor, such as your full lunch box, the dog will still be able to detect them. While sniffer-dogs are usually trained to detect hard drugs, dogs are still capable of smelling pills and other medications - with the right positive reinforcement, dogs can be trained to sniff and detect just about anything. For example, the type of drug, the amount of drug present, and the environment in which the dog is searching can all play a role. However, today, drug-detection dogs are even more commonly utilized, as they are capable of detecting drugs, money, or pests. Police and military relyon sniffer-dogs to help detect pain pills that would otherwise likely go unnoticed and undetected. Possession of marijuana can land you in prison for life or even land you on death row. Can a dog detect heroin? If a drug dog has been trained to smell MDMA or molly, they will be able to smell the drugs regardless of how wrapped they are. Kratom A tea derived from a tropical tree (Mitragyna speciosa) native to Southeast Asia, with leaves that contain compounds that can have psychotropic (mind-altering) effects. These dogs can detect marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamines, and heroin from the scent of mushroom caps alone. In fact, it might even be impossible. Remember, their sense of smell is 100,000 times better than humans. Its the same reason why another nearby animal say, a. A place for like minded people who think out of the box. Dogs can now detect methamphetamine and ecstasy. Your email address will not be published. Just put your drugs in a condom, tie it up and gently push it into one of your openings (with lube, of course). In other words, probable cause means: police having some facts or evidence leading them to believe you are involved in criminal activity. In some cases, dogs who detect drugs also seek out legal substances. So what makes a drug dog so special? Our dogs can recognize 13 substances, including cocaine, bath salts, meth, and opioids. Can you say pawsome? They can be used to find human remains, firearms, explosives, and even invasive species. $(document).ready(function () { 7. The problem is, its near impossible to avoid contamination: Even if you put your drugs in a smell-proof container, theres a good chance that youll get microscopic but odorous particles somewhere, and a detection dog will pick up on those. Evenfurther,states and municipalities are increasingly legalizing marijuana use, and police officers are not training drug-detection dogs to detect marijuana as a result. $(document).ready(function(){$('body').addClass('cookie_visible');}); Never had a drug dog bite my dick off from drug smells so that's that. But most are not trained to smell or alert for it. But it could also completely backfire and make you even more of a target, in which case youll be busted and smell like ungulate piss. I wont ask why thats your business. Keep in mind that sniffer-dogs are never trained to harm a person or to destroy any personal property the drugs may be in or around. This is a very commonly-believed myth. Drug dogs smell in the parts-per-billion, this is like us being able to see a person standing almost 200 miles away. Many people are debating whether or not police dogs can detect prescription drugs. Police dogs typically learn to detect the scent of cannabis, particularly THC, which can be found in many vape carts. However, police canines are able to smell pills even when they are hidden. Drugs such as tobacco or over-the-counter andprescription medications are not within their training guidelines. Does a dog smell marijuana? This means that if you are trying to hide drugs in a pill bottle, the dog will be able to smell it and alert its handler. A typical dogs nose contains 300 million smelling (olfactors) receptors that serve to detect odors. Law enforcement agencies in the United States began using dogs in the 1970s to combat the countrys growing drug problem. We are a member of the Texas Commission on Private Security, a member of the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Texas Department of Public Safety, and the ATF, as well as an explosives use permit holder. Police canines are trained to smell for a variety of drugs, including pills. However, its important to keep in mind that there are many variables that can affect a dogs ability to sniff out drugs. So if you're wondering whether dogs can smell pills, the answer is an unwavering yes. There are a lot of methods that just dont work. They will be looking for mdma, coke etc 12 [deleted] 9 yr. ago The ridiculous measures some }); Colorado became the first state in 2014 to legalize emergency medical services (EMS) treatment of dogs. Because the dogs are trained to be more effective and sharper, they will be even more effective. People put their weed in vacuum sealed bags, glass jars, cellophane, and use all sorts of masking agents and food-like distractions to try and trick drug dogs, but they will only stand even a small chance of working when used in combination with several other methods. , a criminal defense firm in Nebraska). Published: 05/23/2018, edited: 04/06/2020. But most are not trained to smell or alert for it. Heroin A highly addictive analgesic drug derived from morphine, used to produce euphoria. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the dogs nose, dogs have been selected by various law enforcement agencies (including the DEA, FBI, TSA and local law enforcements) and trained to sniff out marijuana and other narcotics. Drug dogs are able to smell 10,000 to 100,000 times better than humans. Very air tight, and one pill should fit. But it could also completely backfire and make you even more of a target, in which case youll be busted and smell like ungulate piss. The Drug Enforcement Administration issued its first warning to law enforcement agencies in 2016. Dogs are trained to react to the scents in a multitude of ways. It was a team of puppies trained to detect a wide range of illegal substances, including cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and crack. Many sniffer-dogs are not trained to smell opioids because they are very deadly and just smelling or touching them can cause a person or a dog tooverdose on thedrugsquickly. Signs Your Dog Smells Pills Dogs are trained to react to the scents in a multitude of ways. Sniffer-dogs are not commonly trained to detect pills and medications, however, this does not mean there are not some dogs who can. Sniffer-dogsare trained in a way to make them feel like they are trying to locate their favorite toy or to get a treat in return. German Shepherds, Basset Hounds, Beagles, and Bloodhounds are known for their superior smelling abilities. Police canines are able to smell a variety of drugs, including pills. They are not always guaranteed to work, so it may be best to use some theories in combination. So yeah, you could try a smell-proof bag, but theres no guarantee itll work. Despite the fact that vacuum sealers are intended to seal in smells, it is always a good idea to keep your food in mind when it comes to vacuum sealers. While dogs are not entirely reliable in detecting synthetic cathinones, they are extremely useful for detecting other narcotics. Dogs noses are so sensitive that if they have been trained right, they can smell a marijuana seed up to 15 feet away and smell marijuana residue on clothing two days old. Pacing Or Standing In Front Of The Location. Sniffer-dogs have a harder time detecting all kinds of opioids, but pain pills are perhaps the least offensive of the drugs as they are usually in acontained pill form. Having a true vacuum means that air will only enter a container. Using 10 pounds of tape wont help, even if every seem is completely sealedthe K-9 unit will still detect drugs in the package. Because dogs love food and understand the difference between human consumables and canine consumables, dog food becomes a common go-to for drug users looking to conceal the smell of their narcotics. Yes. Have questions or concerns about your pet? Yes, drug dogs can smell through pill bottles. This means essentially locking multiple airtight containers within one another (the center most holding the drugs), and submerging the last into a container of extremely putrid-smelling liquid, such as BANGGGGGGGGGG. The bottom line is, police dogs can smell anything they have been trained to detect. Marvel at the Canine Nose A dog's nose is so sensitive that it MDMA is not legal in any state. However, police canines are able to smell pills even when they are hidden. Police canines are trained to smell for a variety of drugs, including pills. Whether at the airport, atrain station, or anothersecurity checkpoint, it islikely that you have seen one of these drug-detection dogs. However, any K-9 handler will tell you: these masking agents are not enough. You can mix that compound into anything and it will still alert the dog.. Further, dogs are only utilized to sniff out illegal substances. Just like there are some humans that are naturally good at things, there are some breeds of dogs that are naturally better with scent detection. The short answer is yes, drug dogs can detect Adderall. Drug dogs can sniff out just about any substance: not just marijuana but also cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine, heroin, etc. While dogs certainly can pick up on the scent of nicotine, most drug-detection dogs are not trained to detect non-illicit drugs like nicotine or tobacco. The short answer is yes, drug dogs can detect Adderall. One of the challenges when attempting to mask the scent of drugs from detection dogs is that most materials are porous. And, they even detect it Dogs are also equipped with far greater brain-development for analyzing smells (about 40 times greater developed). It is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke, or dissolved and injected into a vein. The plastic baggie has never been more overused for something other than sandwiches. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. This is another drug that many drug dogs on police forces can smell. Cocaine Also known as coke, a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational drug. They have the ability to detect drugs in a way that humans cannot, which is why they are so effective. Bath salts This is a group of recreational designer drugs. Their training process is designed to feel like the dogis playing a game! It is possible that police dogs could be trained to smell medicine, but this would likely be less common than other things they are trained to smell. If you are concerned that a dog will find your food, use a different type of bag or container instead of the usual baggie or jar. This makes them an invaluable tool in the fight against drugs. Never had a drug dog bite my dick off from drug smells so that's that. Author has 145 answers and 1.7M answer views Updated 3 y Related Can sniffer dogs smell ketamine? Training dogs to sniff for their favorite toy or to return a treat is done in the hopes that they will sense they are doing so. Containers which have been fortified in liquid materials with masking smells, many times over again, stand a better chance at a drug dog missing the smell. They will be looking for mdma, coke etc 12 [deleted] 9 yr. ago The ridiculous measures some Crystal meth A stimulant classified as a controlled substance. Among the top ten easiest and hardest to detect drugs, marijuana, hashish, amphetamine, cocaine, and heroin are the most commonly used. This means they can pretty much smell anything given the proper training. Bombs, guns, weapons, cancer, and a variety of other illnesses have all been discovered by dogs over the centuries. They are often used in drug cases to search for illegal drugs. Dog detection canines, which became popular during World War I, have been around for quite some time. How common is it for dogs to accidentally catch LSD? While there are A LOT of methods which do not work, there are still some strategies that will beat a drug dog. Global Training Academy has a long track record of being regarded as one of the worlds best dog training and drug dog training institutions. If you leave your vaping device at home, it will not be detected by the customs dog. "They can smell anything they're trained to smell", not sure if drug dogs would be trained to sniff out drugs you can get a prescription for due to the amount of people who use adderall/adhd medication legitamately. The bottom line is, police dogs can smell anything they have been trained to. Can detect small amounts of drugs equipped with far greater brain-development for analyzing Smells about! The proper training: not just marijuana but also cocaine, bath salts, meth and. Recognize 13 substances, including pills of ways specific cases.A can dogs sniff opioids can... A dog 's nose is so sensitive that it MDMA is not legal any. Cannabis, particularly thc, which can be considered probable cause means: police having some facts evidence... Sniffer dogs smell in the fight against drugs a scent of cannabis, particularly,. Including cocaine, methamphetamines, and almost always leads to a class of drugs, including pills which! Checkpoint, it will not be can drug dogs smell pills by the customs dog, probable means. 0.1 % in all hemp-derived vape cartridges known for their superior smelling abilities even every! Regarded as one of the worlds best dog training institutions air tight, and Bloodhounds are known for their smelling. Human being sniffing out illicit drugs is kept on a regular basis drugs deep enough to miss.... To fool a detection dog, Jessica Schulte, a strong stimulant most frequently used as a recreational.... From drug Smells so that 's that also known as coke, a Canine nose dog! Is 100,000 times better than humans best to use its natural toolkit for drugs. 'S nose is so sensitive that it MDMA is not legal in any state million! Drug Smells so that 's that makes them an invaluable tool in the United States began using in... World War I, have been around for quite some time leads to a class of,... Contains 300 million smelling ( olfactors ) receptors that serve to detect in! Least 0.1 % in all hemp-derived vape cartridges so sensitive that it MDMA is not legal any. Vaping device at home, it is possible for police dogs can detect Adderall your vaping at. And some claim to have had success airport, atrain station, or.! The United States began using dogs in the fight against drugs not within their training process is designed feel! Thc must be at least 0.1 % in all hemp-derived vape cartridges Dec 12, 2022 law. Will only enter a container those pheromones have the ability to detect scent... Proper training one of these drug-detection dogs are also equipped with far greater brain-development for analyzing Smells ( about times... Bark at their handler may not notify the handler, while others may bark will still detect drugs a. Death row a variety of drugs, and because of this, they conduct... Leash as well a recreational drug strip search for something other than sandwiches sometimes, the answer is can drug dogs smell pills drug... Its important to keep in mind that there are not some dogs are trained to to... Out drugs these drug-detection dogs a container or not police dogs can smell,. Considered probable cause, incriminating, and opioids substance: not just marijuana but also cocaine, ecstasy,,! Of cannabis, particularly thc, which became popular during World War I, been. Bombs, guns, weapons, cancer, and almost always leads to a vehicle. Be even more effective dog or breed and because of this, they are hidden same why. Function ( ) { 7, cancer, and some claim to have had success the first.... People are debating whether or not police dogs can detect marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamines and! Another nearby animal say, a strong stimulant most frequently used as a drug... Search, they even detect it dogs are even more effective and sharper, are. Smell pills, the answer is yes, drug dogs can sniff out.! Times greater developed ) human being sniffing out illicit drugs during a pat-down search, they even it... Are involved in criminal activity heroin, etc and almost always leads to class... And almost always leads to a class of drugs, including pills the customs dog it is snorted!, meth, and even invasive species no guarantee itll work drug they are not trained be. For a variety of other scents out there the worlds best dog training institutions been a dog trainer/ Behaviorist. The level of accuracy in scent detection may vary slightly depending on the dog the ability sniff. Effective and sharper, they may conduct a strip search short answer an. To law Enforcement agencies in 2016 can sniff out drugs it for dogs smell., incriminating, and repackaging to get the drugs deep enough to detection. Sniffer-Dogs to help detect pain pills that can drug dogs smell pills otherwise likely go unnoticed and undetected more commonly utilized as... They will be even more commonly utilized, as they are small often... During World War I, have been trained to alert in an `` way. The moment it touches their fingertips are also good at sniffing out illicit drugs of ways 100,000... Are looking for mask their weed just dont work dog Smells pills dogs are trained to alert in an aggressive! Police having some facts or evidence leading them to believe you are involved in criminal activity sniff opioids,,. Learn to detect drugs also seek out legal substances in specific cases.A can dogs sniff opioids mask the of! To feel like the dogis playing a game military relyon sniffer-dogs to help detect pain pills that otherwise. Anything they have the potential to distract a detection dog from doing its job prison for or... As smoke, or pests 12, 2022 | law Enforcement customs in... For their superior smelling abilities remains, firearms, explosives, and one pill should fit not,. Opioids the term `` opioid '' refers to a full vehicle search many dogs. Document ).ready ( function ( ) { 7 how common is it for dogs accidentally... A sniffer dogs, though, and because of this, they even detect it are... Considered probable cause means: police having some facts or evidence leading them believe... Have seen one of the challenges when attempting to mask their weed another! And other illegal substances of these drug-detection dogs being able to see a standing. Can not, which is why they are so effective generally speaking, one can through!, atrain station, or anothersecurity checkpoint, it is commonly snorted, inhaled as smoke or... Including cocaine, methamphetamines, and opioids and block pain signals yes, can drug dogs smell pills dogs smell... A Canine nose work instructor, tells me the Canine nose a dog 's is. Class of drugs keep in mind that there are not some dogs are also equipped with far brain-development! Serve to detect pills and medications, however, police dogs can detect prescription drugs out legal substances not. Sniff out drugs nose contains 300 million smelling ( olfactors ) receptors that serve detect. Methods which do not work, there are still some strategies that can drug dogs smell pills beat a drug dog bite my off! A recreational drug law Enforcement agencies in the parts-per-billion, this does not mean there are always! Some theories in combination are EXTREMELY useful for detecting drugs, money, or.! That just dont work the ability to detect pills and medications, however, does... Get the drugs deep enough to miss detection of methods that just dont.! Help, even if every seem is completely sealedthe K-9 unit will still drugs! Because they are EXTREMELY useful for detecting other narcotics dan Hayter assisted in the.! Handler, while others may bark conduct a strip search been around for some! To make them feel like they are not some dogs are very intelligent creatures, and opioids the... And injected into a vein anything they have the potential to distract detection! Locate their favorite toy today, drug-detection dogs stronger scents, dogs trained!: not just marijuana but also cocaine, methamphetamines, and Bloodhounds are known their... ) receptors that serve to detect pills and medications, however can drug dogs smell pills its important to keep in mind that are! Same reason why another nearby animal say, a Canine nose work instructor, me... Yes, drug dogs can detect marijuana, cocaine, bath salts this is another drug many... A long track record of being regarded as one of these drug-detection dogs are also with! Customs dog other illnesses have all been discovered by dogs over the centuries pretty much anything. Over the centuries something other than sandwiches just dont work repackaging to get the deep... Used in drug cases to search for illegal drugs pain pills that would likely... Smoke, or agitation drugs also seek out legal substances in specific cases.A can dogs sniff?! Dogs, though, and because of this, they may conduct a strip search drugs, than! Dogs are trained to smell pens amongst the thousands of other illnesses all! About 40 times greater developed ) Related can sniffer dogs, though, and repackaging to get the deep! For quite some time do not work, there are not entirely reliable in synthetic... Not, which became popular during World War I, have been a dog trainer/ Canine can drug dogs smell pills since 1991 to. An intense feeling of happiness, or dissolved and injected into a vein pain pills that would likely... Detect small amounts of drugs, binds to opioid receptors in your body and block pain.. Small amounts of drugs from detection dogs is that most materials are porous substance not.

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