Chen, C. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and flight attendants turnover intentions: A note. Your employer brand. The aim of the study was to find the impact of organizational commitment on employee loyalty in Pakistani organizations. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729310043114. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 37(2), 5876. Dev. Rice et al.26 proposed that satisfaction was to some extent determined by the differences generated in the process of psychological comparison, which involved the assessment of current work experience according to an individuals comparison criteria. Attract, engage, retain. Cronbachs alpha was used for the reliability test. However, the models and data obtained are not universally applicable. However, both the indirect effect and the direct effect of enterprise image on employee loyalty through employee satisfaction were significant (=0.064 and =0.383, respectively) (refer to Fig. Mining is a high-risk industry that plays a crucial role in the economy in countries around the world1. The impact of corporate turbulence on managers attitudes. Eid, M., Lischetzke, T., Nussbeck, F. & Trierweiler, L. Separating trait effects from trait-specific method effects in multitraitmultimethod models: A multiple-indicator CT-C (M1) model. https://doi.org/10.2307/256461. Schwetje, T. (2000). The moral significance of employee loyalty. Host, V. & Knie-Andersen, M. Modeling customer satisfaction in mortgage credit companies. In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (ed. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2012.669930. Farrell, D., & Rusbult, C. E. (1992). 3 and Table 7). Martensen, A. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 22(1), 3049. CAS Syst. Examining the relationship between consumer loyalty, other loyalties and happiness. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467059800100103. Heart and mind in conflict: The interplay of affect and cognition in consumer decision making. (2008). Accurate dynamic and real-time monitoring of the psychological dynamics of the employee satisfaction level and loyalty of workers in high-risk industries is very important for improving work quality and safety. Product involvement and brand commitment. Journal of Career Development, 24(1), 3954. 3 and Table 6). Farrell, D. (1983). Ind. Most of the respondents had 510years (78.6%) of working experience in their current company. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. ), Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie (pp. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 73917403. How to measure the psychological contract? Withey, M. J., & Cooper, W. H. (1992). The paper attempts to research the influencing factors of miners' loyalty. Most studies indicate that employee satisfaction is mostly based on work quality. Herzberg, F. Work and the Nature of Man (World Publishing, 1968). Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 11671174. Puusa, A., & Tolvanen, U. (2007). Provis, C. (2005). https://doi.org/10.2307/256874. Res. 56(1), 621 (1992). Herriot, P., & Pemberton, C. (1997). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160309. (2012). Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed. Management. (2010). 33, 135151 (2004). Human Performance, 16(4), 327348. & Jung-Chuen, L. Common method variance: Its test and control under the classic theory of measurement. But even in good economic times, employees are also looking for the next big thing. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2005.tb00712.x. Google Scholar. The enterprise management mode and system were adjusted in real time. However, these management drivers influence employee loyalty through satisfaction. Annu. Organizations highly value loyal employees. The results confirmed that employee satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between work quality and switching cost and employee loyalty. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(5), 839850. De Vos, A., & Meganck, A. Attaining decision quality and commitment from dissent: The moderating effects of loyalty and competence in strategic decision-making teams. PubMed When employees' switching costs increase, their sensitivity to satisfaction will decrease45. Assessing psychological contracts: Issues, alternatives and measures. A., Zahari, H., Nair, G. K. S., & Jusoff, K. (2009). For example, motivation-hygiene theory states that the factors that create job satisfaction are separate from those that lead to job dissatisfaction29. Verhaltenswissenschaftliche Managementlehre. 17, 12611271 (2007). 18, 382388 (1981). Constr. Manage 128, 375384 (2002). Commun. Anderson, E., Fornell, C. & Lehmann, D. Customer satisfaction, market share and profitability: Findings from Sweden. Innovation und Technik, 8(1), 810. (2001). Davis-Blake, A., Broschak, J. P., & George, E. (2003). The results show that enterprise image (H2: =0.226) and switching costs (H4: =0.189) have a positive impact on employee satisfaction (refer to Fig. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564230410552031. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x. Google Scholar. The questionnaire survey, which was conducted in only one mine in one region, was not compared across multiple situations from a large diversity of locations and environments to reduce the chance that the results would be valid for only a single case. Zohar and Luria12 believed that the security climate was a subset of organizational climate, and employees' behaviors were shaped by their expectations of organizational value and the reward system. Among the respondents returning valid questionnaires, the sample was mostly male (91.3%) and mostly 3039years old (68.5%). The measured variables accurately reflect the structure or factors. Kapitel II: Arbeitsgestaltung. (2002). This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. PDF Employee Loyalty as Adherence to Shared Moral Values - JSTOR Therefore, AMOS was used for CFA, covariance matrix and maximum likelihood estimation. Manag. Methods. Econ. Leisure time management: A new approach toward employees loyalty. 50, 112 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2010.530796. 64, 1240 (1988). J. Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.015. Withey, M. J., & Cooper, W. H. (1989). Internal service quality, customer and job satisfaction: Linkages and implications for management. Kirchler, E., & Hlzl, E. (2005). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Shanghai Arch. (2015). (1958). The fitness index of the structural model was 2=875.203 (P=0.000), df=286, 2/df=3.060, GFI=0.869, AGFI=0.839, CFI=0.942, RMSEA=0.069. Springer, Cham. Hong, K. & Lee, D. Impact of operational innovations on customer loyalty in the healthcare sector. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030110506. Boroff, K. E., & Lewin, D. (1997). Moreover, it seeks new safety management methods to effectively and safely improve production performance and enhance employee satisfaction and loyalty by improving work quality, for example, by optimizing the production process system, improving the treatment of employees to prevent brain drain, shaping a good enterprise image, improving work conditions, and improving employee satisfaction and loyalty. The learnings from our recent review paper may provide some insight: When employees are loyal, both they and their organizations benefit. Coughlan, R. (2005). Employee loyalty and organizational performance: A critical survey. J. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 137152. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. These interviewees are suitable for this study due to their strong industry representation. However, the intention of this paper is to examine the psychological changes and influencing factors of job satisfaction and loyalty of mining employees in high-altitude and working conditions in environmentally challenging environments. Zhang, Y. et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199821)37:1<71::AID-HRM7>3.0.CO;2-S. Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999). Customer value, satisfaction, loyalty, and switching costs: An illustration from a business-to-business service context. Employee loyalty starts by employers showing appreciation to employees. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391488. J. Appl. Journal of Management Studies, 37(8), 11011123. IBM SPSS 22.0 and IBM SPSS AMOS 24.0 were used for statistical analyses in this paper. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500507. Retrieved on May 27, 2015 from: http://www.office-ethics.com/press/CPFM-Apr14-DeMars. (PDF) Impact of leadership style on employee's loyalty - ResearchGate Health. Silvestro, R. (2002). J. Since people's attitudes are always reflected in their behaviors, behaviors are most likely determined by attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(2), 133145. Autom. Specifically, employee loyalty is significantly related to enterprise image and employee satisfaction. Chen, Z. X. Gregersen, H. B. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 51(1), 5063. In high-risk industries, such as mining, previous studies have focused on unsafe employee behavior, accident causes and the relationship between accidents and people's behaviors, but very few studies have paid attention to the interaction between employee satisfaction and loyalty in relation to accidents. The objectives of the present article are: (1) to restore moral elements in a new conceptualization of loyalty, (2) to clarify the distinctions between loyalty and commitment, and (3) to draw connections between loyalty and current research in business ethics. Clearly, enterprise image and employee treatment are very important to improve employee loyalty and material satisfaction. What can you do to harness the benefits of loyalty while mitigating the risks? Xu, L., Prybutok, V. & Charles, B. Managers also believed that the high turnover rate was eroding employee morale and customer loyalty. Some studies have confirmed the mediating effect between loyalty factors and satisfaction. =4.064), all paths showed significant direct effects, supporting H1, H2, and H4. tionalize employee loyalty. The effects of satisfaction and structural constraints on retailer exiting, voice, loyalty, opportunism, and neglect. Does it make sense to be a loyal employee? Monterey: Brooks-Cole Publishing. Maybe its your first job out of college or maybe youve switched roles a few years after graduation. In E. Kirchler (Ed. Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Organizational identification: Issues and implications. This value can be calculated using standardized loadings: where \(CR\) is the composite reliability for the scale, \(L_{i}\) represents the standardized factor loading and \(e_{i}\) is the measurement error for scale items. Ein markenpolitischer Ansatz zur Schaffung von Prferenzen bei der Arbeitgeberwahl. They thus proposed management policies and countermeasures to improve employees' loyalty to the organization. Retrieved on September 9, 2016 from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/749793440. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552529710171993. Regarding the framework of this model, previous studies applied employee satisfaction as a single component to investigate the mediating effect of employee loyalty, while this study considered satisfaction a key component according to the characteristics of mine employees to identify specific relationships of employee loyalty and to describe how these relationships affect employee loyalty. Employee loyalty is when an employee remains with a company for a lengthy period because they feel valued, appreciated and believe in the company's overall mission. Henneberg, C. U. Hall, D. T., Schneider, B., & Nygren, H. T. (1970). Loyalty-Based Management - Harvard Business Review Bus. Liu et al.41 believe that enterprise image is the overall impression of an enterprise among the public. & Gerbing, D. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. 7, 197202 (2005). Ali, A. J., Azim, A., & Falcone, T. W. (1993). We provide strong empirical evidence and conceptual models that can play an important role in improving sustainable HRM and operational performance as well as institutional decision-making regarding safety. Operationalisierung und Erklrung der Beziehungen am Beispiel des Handels. Thank you for visiting nature.com. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90007-0. Enterp. Darden, W. R., Hampton, R., & Howell, R. D. (1989). Violations of principle: Ideological currency in the psychological contract. Brown, T. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (The Guilford Press, 2006). using research-based . Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 289298. Personnel Review, 38(1), 4560. Atwater, L. E., Waldman, D. A., Atwater, D., & Cartier, P. (2000). PubMed Mohamed, S. Safety climate in construction site environments. Kim, M., Park, M. & Jeong, D. The effects of customer satisfaction and switching barrier on customer loyalty in Korean mobile telecommunication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 5159. Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 13(4), 327350 (1994). Reimer, J.-M. (2005). Relationships among leadership empowerment, job satisfaction, and employee loyalty in university dining student workers (Doctoral dissertation). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Employee Loyalty, Organizational Performance & Performance Evaluation - A Critical Survey Authors: Sachin Murali Aayush Poddar Technische Universitt Dresden A. Seema VIT University Abstract and. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1086/209563. What can you do to harness the benefits of loyalty while mitigating the risks? The purpose of principal component analysis is to find the most meaningful basis and express the similarities and differences in the data. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(1), 535543. The T value of work quality in this study is 0.940 (see Table 5), which is close to the target coefficient. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393235. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(16), 8090. Stroh, L. K., & Reilly, A. H. (1997). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.6.1230. Powers, E. L. (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888918. Organizational commitment as a predictor variable in nursing turnover research: Literature review. According to statistics3,4,5, the main causes of accidents are violation of operating rules or labor discipline and poor production environment. Hauck, W. & Shaikh, R. Sample sizes for batch acceptance from single and multistage design using two-sided normal tolerance intervals with specified content. In the CFA measurement model shown in Fig. Therefore, it is urgent to study employee satisfaction and loyalty as important factors of sustainable HRM. Other research has supported this notion by suggesting that in certain contexts, adopting a non-typical mindset (e.g., collective vs. individual, abstract vs. concrete) has the potential to nudge people to think and behave in broader prosocial ways, which is especially relevant when you find yourself in a dilemma where loyalty is pit against other concerns (e.g., speaking up about wrongdoing). Our study also provides a useful reference for further studies of sustainable human resource management in mining. & Zhang, Z. 14(2/3), 235248 (2004). Employee loyalty in the new millennium. Ajzen, I. Bitner, M. Evaluating service encounter: The effects of physical surroundings and employee responses. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between employee loyalty and organizational performance. MacCallum, R. & Austin, J. Yu, K., Cao, Q., Xie, C., Qu, N. & Zhou, L. Analysis of intervention strategies for coal miners unsafe behaviors based on analytic network process and system dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034751. (1982). This paper empirically studies employee satisfaction and loyalty in a high-risk industry in an extreme environment. Communication and loyalty among knowledge workers: A resource of the firm theory view. (1979). Prot. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.205. Amine, A. Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Brinsfield, C. B. 8(1), 3860 (2003). (2009). In F. X. Bea, B. Friedl, & M. Schweitzer (Eds. Jr and other professors of Harvard Business School proposed the "service profit chain" model. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(3), 235247. Further investigation of the outcomes of loyalty to supervisor Job satisfaction and intention to stay. Leung, A. S. M. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01385048. Many recent definitions do not acknowledge loyalty's moral elements, which had been a central part of early theoretical work in both management and philosophy. Loyalty, corporations, and community. Although the above studies support the positive relationship between job quality and employee loyalty, most studies have found that the direct relationship is not significant38,39 because the relationship between work quality and employee loyalty is affected by the mediating variable of employee satisfaction. (2002). Satisfaction Dissatisfaction Complain. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 5(3), 231240. J. Serv. A. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n10p152. (1998). https://doi.org/10.2307/257010. The influence of the perception of a familial climate on job performance: Mediation of loyalty to supervisors and moderation of filial behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481011064136. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165119. Loveman, G. W. (1998). Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (1995). When workplaces get competitive, people start tolose sight of what is ethical and unethical. Understanding organizational behavior. B. Hijazi, H. A. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2(2), 121139. J. Cohen, A. Zhou, Y. Facilitating new deals. (1986). (McGraw Hill, 1978). The scale covers five dimensions of miners' loyalty. In order to contribute to a more holistic understanding of employee loyalty, the concept and components of employee loyalty are derived and explained in this chapter. 2: Fhrung (9th ed., pp. When organizations fail to meet individual expectations, the employee turnover rate in the construction industry will increase, which will lead to the collapse of the employment relationship and thus facilitate accidents18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.580099. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 60(2), 179205. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. & Tatham, R. Multivariate Data Analysis 6th edn. This tension can be tricky to navigate, especially if you are new to the workforce and still learning how to manage your relationship to various colleagues and to the business at large. Excell. Links between organisational and customer variables in service delivery. To obtain The utility of a broader conceptualization of organizational identification: Which aspects really matter? X.Y. Therefore, the switching cost has a significant impact on employee satisfaction and loyalty. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects following a detailed explanation of the study objectives and protocol to each subject. Moreover, we will extend the model to other employees through further survey research to improve the interpretation ability and general adaptability of the model. In addition, the model of this study is helpful for the practice of dynamic, real-time monitoring of mining employees' psychological dynamics as a reference for enterprise decision makers in safety management. Lai, C., Chiu, C., Yang, C. & Pai, D. The effects of corporate social responsibility on brand performance: The mediating effect of industrial brand equity and corporate reputation. Minchington, B. CAS Industrial Management, 33(3), 12. Inf. 2, 3). Mit begeisterten Kunden und motivierten Mitarbeitern zum Erfolg. Southern Manag. Exit, voice, loyalty and neglect: Responses to dissatisfaction in romantic involvements. Birch, A. H. (1975). Data Syst. The results show that there is a linear positive correlation between employee satisfaction and employee loyalty in mining enterprises. Liu, Z., Su, X. Model fitting can be divided into three categories: absolute fitting (Chi-square (2), root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) and goodness-of-fit index (GFI)), incremental fitting (adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker- Lewis index (TLI), normed fit index (NFI)), and parsimonious fitting (Chi-square/degree of freedom (df))72. Carpenter, D. Capital and IT. Pfeiffer, R. S. (1992). These loyalties and further multiple loyalties of a person might compete with each other and are contingent on the situation. Sci. Res. Matching ethical work climate to in-role and extra-role behaviors in a collectivist work setting. 2(7/8), 949957 (2001). Othman, A. Since employee loyalty and enterprise loyalty have an interactive relationship, employee loyalty originates from the enterprise loyalty to employees34. Journal of Advertising Research, 21(6), 5156. Retaining employees refers to business organisations' efforts to maintain a working environment that encourages staff to remain and grow. Hirschmans loyalty concept. Hollebeek, L. D., & Haar, J. M. (2012). Pittsburg State University (PSU) is one of six Kansas regents universities with approximately 7,300 students. Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work - Harvard Business Review Eine verhaltenswissenschaftliche Perspektive. To whom? 19(4), 403425 (2001). J. Mark. The inner model specifies the relationship between two unobserved or potential variables, while the outer model specifies the relationship between the potential variables and their associated observed or display variables66. As a result, you are likely to be satisfied and happy with your job. This statement is widely endorsed in the literature although there is little consensus on the definition of loyalty. This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Number 2018YFC0808406) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 52074066, 52004055). S.C. conceived of the study, designed the study and collected the data, performed the research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper. The measurement of enterprise image was adapted from the literature of Nguyen and LeBlanc58, Chang and Tu42 and Liu et al.41. Amerland, A. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(1), 159171. Askalech Feyisa Jobira & Abdulnasir Abdulmelike Mohammed, Marylne Gagn, Sharon K. Parker, Xavier Parent-Rocheleau, Scientific Reports Consum. Included in this measure were two items that are not centrally connected to existing definitions of loyalty: "I sometimes wear clothing that bears the firm's logo or symbol" and "The people in . Traylor, M. B. If you can do both, we believe you will reap the right kinds of rewards. Robertson, T. & Gatignon, H. Competitive effects on techonology diffusion. Therefore, the normality assumption of these indicators was not rejected16. Reinventing the wheel? https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9769-1. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 142150. One research gap exists in examining employee loyalty and employee engagement in relation to the business cycle. The other two experts are senior mine management engineers who have worked in the mining industry for many years and studied the safety management of miners' behavior. Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. https://doi.org/10.2307/222610. Meyer, S. & Collier, D. An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige health care pilot criteria. Pearson correlation analysis was used to verify the correlations between study variables. Mark. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds. 8(4), 227236 (2001). Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 132(1), 1636. Rotondi, T., Jr. (1975). Jun, M., Cai, S., & Shin, H. (2006). Second, on the basis of previous studies, the concept of the employee loyalty hypothesis model is proposed. A systemic study of mining accident causality: An analysis of 91 mining accidents from a platinum mine in South Africa. Another direction for future research would be to develop a more comprehensive computer-based sample collection technique to analyze the psychological security factors of employee loyalty in different industries or areas. Randall, D. M. (1987). Sustainability 11, 4591 (2019). Jones, M. & Suh, J. Transaction-specific satisfaction and overall satisfaction: An empirical analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(93)90041-M. Grosman, B. Dissatisfied employees may stay in their old companies simply because they would have to spend extra time and effort to change companies, which is costly. J. Acad. Peter, J. P. (1981). Ryh-Wu, Y. Enterprise loyalty means that the enterprise creates an acceptable corporate culture and environment for its employees and provides them with development opportunities and material rewards, so that they can devote themselves wholeheartedly to their work and integrate their personal development into the development of the enterprise34. Jauch, L. R., Glueck, W. F., & Osborn, R. N. (1978). It can also be described as the extent to which there there is a general willingness among employees to make an investment or personal sacrifice for the good of the organization. Owing loyalty to ones employer. Thompson, J. (2004). The degree of that duty of loyalty is . Social identity as social glue: The origins of group loyalty. 22(1), 2642 (2004). Sci. Ramamoorthy, N., Flood, P. C., Slattery, T., & Sardessai, R. (2005). https://doi.org/10.5840/pcw200714118. Marsh and Hocevar84 determined the fitness of the data by calculating the target coefficient (T) and comparing first-order and second-order CFA. Manag. Sustainability 10, 3687 (2018). The indirect effect of work quality and switching cost on employee loyalty through employee satisfaction was significant, whereas the corresponding direct effect was nonsignificant (refer to Fig. Psychiatry. Mark. Ninety-seven percent of mine accidents are caused by miners' unsafe behaviors6,7. Retrieved on September 28, 2016 from: https://www.selfmedic.de/archiv/2012/team/vision-und-strategie/mit-begeisterte-kunden-und-motivierten-mitarbeitern-zum-erfolg. Psychol. The results of the model include five factors and a total of 36 indicators. Arbeit, 10(3), 352364. (1991). Weinert, A. Shiv, B., & Fedorikhin, A. According to the theory and the special situation of the mining industry, this paper constructs the research concept hypothesis model. It is defined as "A process in which the employees are encouraged to remain with the organization for the maximum period of time or until the completion of the objectives" (Singh & Dixit, 2011, p. 442).The basic aim of employee retention strategies and practices is twofold within the organizations. Full article: An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality Doll, W., Xia, W. & Torkzadeh, G. A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. Ping, R. A., Jr. (1993). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410550754. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(2), 171191. A large amount of data were collected through questionnaires, and opinions were solicited from department leaders and front-line workers. Rewarding employee loyalty: An organizational justice approach. Service profit chain theory holds that there is a direct correlation between employee satisfaction, employee loyalty, employee work quality and efficiency, customer value, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and enterprise profit and growth. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22(2), 99113. Douglas, R. J. Equ. (1992). Empirical study of employee loyalty and satisfaction in the mining industry using structural equation modeling, $$CR = \frac{{\left( {\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{n} {L_{i} } } \right)^{2} }}{{\left( {\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{n} {L_{i} } } \right)^{2} + \left( {\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{n} {e_{i} } } \right)}}$$, $$AVE = \frac{{\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{n} {L_{i}^{2} } }}{n}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05182-2. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(2), 283298. Equ. Google Scholar. & Li, M. Study on the relationship between service quality, price perception, enterprise image and customer satisfaction and customer Loyalty-A case study of spice industry. Reconceptualizing workplace commitment to redress a stretched construct: Revisiting assumptions and removing confounds. According to the research hypothesis, the model was tested through SEM analysis (as shown in Fig. Psychol. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(12), 225233. In 1994, a service management research group composed of James L. Heskett and W. Earl Sasser. When something looks or feels wrong, say something to your colleagues or managers. Work loyalty and individualism in the United States and Canada.
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