https://doi.org/10.1109/CMD.2018.8535878, Wang X, Huang H, Hu Y, Yang Y (2018) Partial discharge pattern recognition with data augmentation based on generative adversarial networks. A neural network includes an input layer, output layer, and hidden layer originating in the 1950s. In other words, the presence of corona effect can reduce the reliability of an insulation system. A total of 1054 cases of metal protrusion discharge, 582 cases of particle discharge, 565 cases of voids discharge, 532 cases of floating conductor discharge, and 705 cases of surface discharge are obtained. Look for signs of stress, smell for ozone, listen for audible crackling from within switchgear. The most practical ways revolve around detecting different radio frequency signals. Eventually, this can cause catastrophic failures resulting equipment failure and dangerous arc flashes. When the electric field is large enough, it may touch the high-voltage part, leading to breakdown. Find out if you are a PD beginner or a pro today! IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 15:15071516. Google Scholar, Okamoto T, Tanaka T (1985) Analysis of partial discharge characteristics by an equivalent circuit with fluctuating discharge time lag. Electrical Engineering The stressed region is formed if there are sharp edges or protrusions around the conductor. Voids discharge: The high-voltage electrode and the grounding electrode in the voids model are separated by an epoxy board. https://doi.org/10.2307/1403797, Article Metal protrusion: There are some fixed defects in GIS, such as metal tip on the high voltage bus, metal tip on the metal shell, and metal protrusion on the pot insulator. Finally, the experiment of the evaluation is presented to verify that the evaluation system can effectively and accurately perform GIS partial discharge monitoring and improve the reliability of power grid operation. However, with the increase in network layers, the phenomenon of gradient disappearance becomes more serious. https://doi.org/10.1109/94.839350, Illias H, Chen G, Lewin PL (2010) Modeling of partial discharge activity in spherical cavities within a dielectric material. When the voltage in the cavity reaches U+, which is the gas breaking voltage within the cavity, discharge occurs and the voltage in the cavity drops to V+ where discharge stops. Corona discharge. Under the influence of an electric field, these particles will impact the GIS shell, resulting in partial discharge and noise. Introduction Electrical insulation is a significant part in all high voltage power equipment. This current will produce heat on the surface and generate evaporation that will cause physical disruption to the polluting layer. If you witness the aftermath of a compound insulated cable box failure, you will see how the build-up of pressure can lead to a very disruptive and dangerous explosion. One of your newly hired maintenance team members attended an online webinar on Partial Discharge (PD) theory, its effects and how to detect it. When developed, it will produce the crackling and ozone smell. This type of testing is a reliable method to check for partial discharge. During this process, there could be a hissing sound, violet glow, production of ozone . The general convolutional neural network consists of the following four layers: convolutional layer, pooling layer, fully connected layer, and activation function. PRPD spectrogram of partial discharge: (a) metal protrusion, (b) voids discharge, (c) free particle discharge, (d) floating conductor, and (e) surface discharge. The electric field within a cavity is equal to or greater than the electric field surrounding the insulation. If PD goes undetected, catastrophic damage to electrical equipment may occur and may cause serious safety issues in the workplace such as Arc Flash. PDF Date: XXXX, 2023 To - HUD.gov The partial discharge would emit energy as electromagnetic emissions and it will be in the form of radio waves, heat, and light. Partial discharge can easily be detected by ultrasound and should be part of a routine predictive maintenance inspection strategy of electrical components. Partial discharge (PD) is a localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges the insulation between conductors and which may or may not occur adjacent to a conductor.. Finally, the data are recorded by the computer and data acquisition device and are formed in a stable partial discharge database. Convolution layer, pooling layer, and activation function layer are used to map the original data to the hidden layer feature space, while the full connection layer is used to map the learned feature representation to the sample tag space. In the process of GIS component production, friction, environmental impact during installation, collision caused by component action in work, and failure to completely clean particles during GIS maintenance are all possible to produce metal particle adhesion. The amplitude of floating conductor partial discharge is relatively high and fixed, and its PRPD spectrum is banded. What are the differences between circuit breaker and fuse ? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 9:763808. In the traditional optimization algorithm, the total gradient is usually solved for all input samples, and then, the next iteration direction is determined. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". What is Partial Discharge? A Guide to Understanding and Managing PD The partial discharge activity can be seen in all kinds of high voltage devices from the switchgear to the transformers and it can also be seen in overhead lines. The relationship between these characteristic parameters and the actual partial discharge needs to be further explored. Occurs when there is a metal tip surrounded by a gas and a voltage is applied to the metal. Third, the partial discharge signal evaluation based on the convolutional neural network is studied. Low Voltage typically means higher current, and higher current means higher By Drew Walts ARP-1 SME, LV2 ASU, LV2 IRT These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/29/11/028, Altenburger R, Heitz C, Timmer J (2002) Analysis of phase-resolved partial discharge patterns of voids based on a stochastic process approach. So, here, the evaluation system of GIS partial discharge based on the convolutional neural network is presented to improve the accuracy of recognition and classification. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2017.03.004, Kunicki M, Cichon A (2018) Application of a phase resolved partial discharge pattern analysis for acoustic emission method in high voltage insulation systems diagnostics. The reason for the result was discussed from the perspective of (i) the difference due to the electrical circuit parameters (modified abc-model) and (ii) the stochastic fluctuation of PD signal. When there are enough small units in GPU, increasing the number of small batches m will not have a significant impact on the training time. Types of partial discharges A partial discharge (PD) is an electrical breakage phenomenon that is located in an insulating medium between two conductors that are at different potential. The VLF testing is used to do the hi-pot or to do the withstand testing in cables this type of testing is also suitable for transformers, switchgear, rotating machines, etc. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.137.529. The partial discharge of voids is concentrated on the rising edge of the voltage. From Fig. Failure of your high-voltage switchgear and cabling could cost millions in repairs, replacements and fines. A Guide | EA Technology A guide to understanding partial discharge in high voltage assets: What is it? Q: Electrical charge (coulombs) Each iteration needs to perform gradient operation on n items, especially when the actual sample size is large. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.116.7_734, Catterson VM, Sheng B (2015) Deep neural networks for understanding and diagnosing partial discharge data. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 9, the transformer operation platform used in this paper is the XTC-10KVA operation platform; Z is the protection resistance, with the resistance value of 5 K ; C1 and C2 are, respectively, the high-voltage arm capacitance and low-voltage arm capacitance of a capacitor divider with a voltage division ratio of 1000:1, and the voltage waveform is introduced into PD check; CX is the equivalent capacitance of the insulation gap model; R is a non-inductive resistance with a resistance value of 50 , which is used as the sampling resistance, and the partial discharge waveform is introduced into PD check; PD check is a partial discharge detection device, which needs synchronous sinusoidal signal input as the phase information detection of partial discharge and the partial discharge signal input. These PD generate an accumulated effect which on the long term could damage the structure of the equipment, affect its electrical or insulation properties and in the worst cases even crack the material. They can be corrected by cleaning the equipment as the contaminants like salts and other dust particles can contribute to formation of an electrical path and to the formation of PD. In: Proceedings of 3rd international conference on document analysis and recognition, vol 1, pp 278282. These fixed defects easily produce partial discharge under fast overvoltage and further develop into comprehensive breakdown. Some of them can be corrected with preventive measures or technical measurement strategies, others cannot. If we apply high voltages to a device that produces partial discharge then we can notice that the effect would start at certain voltage level. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2962775, Morette N, Ditchi T, Oussar Y (2020) Feature extraction and ageing state recognition using partial discharges in cables under HVDC. Marty was so intrigued by the topic, he asked you for permission to share what he learned with the rest of the maintenance team. Surface discharge: A layer of epoxy plate is used to separate the cylindrical high-voltage electrode and grounding electrode of the surface discharge model. By the PD testing, we are doing predictive maintenance and it would help to detect the partial discharge in cables and accessories, and thus we can replace it before a major failure occurs and if it is unchecked then the failure of equipment or the system which the cable is used could be affected and this can be avoided by doing a PD testing. I Prof K.L.Ratnakar appreciate the material given in your news letter, which gives the clear understanding of the prtial discharges. And How can you detect and manage PD? The output is referred to feature mapping. It is possible to classify them in the following categories: Surface Discharge: occurring across the insulation surface Internal Discharge: inside voids or defects of the solid insulation Arcing Discharge: electrical breakdown of a gas producing a plasma discharge Corona Discharge: ionization of the fluid or air surrounding a conductor 2007 - 2023 Amperis Products S.L. The optimal classifier model is obtained, which is divided into the following two steps: The data are extracted from each PRPD two-dimensional spectrum in the database formed by GIS partial discharge sample data. The convolution layer is the basic part of the convolutional neural network. In recent years, artificial intelligence has developed rapidly and has shown strong ability in many fields. In our paper, tensorflow will be selected as the training tool of neural networks. Research Division of Product Reliability, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 7-1, Ayumino-2, Izumi-shi, Osaka, 5941157, Japan, You can also search for this author in Int J Eng Technol 7:842848. Corona Effect on a transmission Line | image: electricalengineeringinfo.com. Corona at sharp points in switchyards isnt usually detrimental. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. As stated above, PD are silent but dangerous phenomena that can damage transformers, circuit breakers, generators or motors on the long term and in the best cases, cause performance issues. Internal PD is the silent defect where there will be no sound, smell or visual indication of a problem prior to failure. IEEE Trans Electr Insul 24:335342. What are the reasons for the double voltage or less voltage in our home and how to prevent it? The corona effect is produced by the ionization of the medium surrounding a conductor, it can also occur at a marked point at the ground potential, it can also be visible in the form of light, typically a purple glow, since the corona usually consists of microarches. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/35/11/309, Hudon C, Belec M (2005) Partial discharge signal interpretation for generator diagnostics. First, the hardware of the evaluation system is introduced in detail. "Partial discharge (PD) is a localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges the insulation between conductors and which may or may not occur adjacent to a conductor." PD occurs whenever there is a stressed region due to some impurity/cavity inside the insulation or when there is a protrusion outside it. It does not store any personal data. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/35/1/306, Achillides Z, Georghiou GE, Kyriakides E (2008) Partial discharges and associated transients: the induced charge concept versus capacitive modeling. It is significant to study GIS partial discharge and effectively classify the types of GIS partial discharge. According to the characteristics of each kind of insulation defect, the model building methods for five types of GIS partial discharge are given as follows. It occurs because of the presence of cavities in solid or liquid insulation and the discharges are formed when the gas within the cavity is over-stressed. After the PRPD two-dimensional spectrum of the partial discharge signal to be discriminated is formed, the trained convolution neural network classifier model is applied to analyze, and the result of PD fault discrimination is obtained. What is Partial Discharge? - Technical Articles - EE Power The measurement and analysis techniques of GIS partial discharge based on the convolutional neural network are presented in this paper. IET Gener Transm Distrib 12:11901197. J Phys D Appl Phys 32:10121023. Failure analysis reveals that insulation failure is the root cause for more than 60% of high voltage equipment damage [1]. Be Safe! There are 550 kV and 220 kV GIS entities in our team, and there are many different types of typical insulation defects on the GIS entities, such as metal protrusion on the cylinder wall, all different kinds of floating conductor, surface discharge defects of silver sulfide and conductive adhesive, and the free metal particle defects with different sizes of aluminum wire and copper wire. So basically partial discharge would affect the insulation life and it wont create a complete breakdown. These exchanges are manifested as: Get the latest from Qualitrol. https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.115.10_1136, Hara T, Hiraiwa N, Hirotsu K, Fukunage S (1996) Detection of partial discharges in power cables by neural network. The discharge amplitude is relatively concentrated, mostly repetitive discharge. Google Scholar, Zou X, Hu Y, Tian Z, Shen K (2019) Logistic regression model optimization and case analysis. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. There are often multiple defects in the long-term operation process of GIS, and it will generate various forms of partial discharge signals.13 The causes of partial discharge of GIS vary, and different partial discharge types have great differences in the damage of GIS equipment. Partial discharge (PD) measurement is a diagnostic technique used for electrical insulating systems. The practicality pictures of defects on the GIS entity equipment are shown in Fig. PDF Partial Discharges in Electrical Insulation - IEEE These five types of GIS partial discharge are common to detect in practice and easy to be realized in the laboratory. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 7:124132. The circuit schematic diagram is shown in Fig. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The image shows how PD emits energy. The optimization functions on neural networks generally have the following forms: where N represents the number of training samples and f(xi, yi) is the loss function of group i data. These particles are used to simulate the free metal particles on the wall of the GIS cavity and are observed to obtain the causes of partial discharge. Shinya Iwata. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRCON.2019.8879931, Hikita M, Kato T, Okubo H (1994) Partial discharge measurements in SF/sub 6/ and air using phase-resolved pulse-height analysis. Although the terms vary, there are generally four types of partial discharge, each occurring for different reasons and each with the propensity to cause varying levels of damage.
