The officers, afraid for their own lives, killed Aurelian. Introduction This paper examines the allegation that the Roman emperor Aurelian, who reigned from AD 270-75, was a potential persecutor of the Christians . After the death of Aurelian, the officinae are no longer shared between Aurelian and Severina: at Lyon, there is a 5th issue attested by coins in the name of Severina only, and the same applies to the 12th issue at Rome where the empress monopolizes the six active quipes, and the 5th issue at Ticinum, where all six officinae struck coins just for Severina. His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. He was made Potentate by Emperor Uriel VI in 3E 298 following the assassination of Gaius Horatius, High Chancellor of the Elder Council. Called to the purple, Tacitus concluded the military operations on the borders of Germania and Raetia and travelled to Lyon where he issued the gold donative to celebrate his victory, his accession and his adventus in that city, and he then travelled to Rome to receive recognition from the Senate. And there, outside Mediolanum, he became part of the plot to murder the emperor. assassination definition: 1. the murder of someone famous or important: 2. the murder of someone famous or important: . After Aurelians assassination, Severina as sole regent adopted the reverse Concordia Militum as her principal coin type. In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the Palmyrene Empire, ruled by Queen Zenobia from the city of Palmyra. Early life. I. Our mission is to educate and fascinate our readers about history, Aurelian drove the barbarian tribes such as Alamanni, Vandals, Sarmatians, and Goths out of the empire. He spoke not; but stood gazing at the dark entrance into the temple, from which the sound had come. Aurelian used the resources gained from the battles to enrich the provinces. In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the Gallic Empire which had already been reduced in size by Claudius II. Aurelian moved decisively and defeated the barbarians in battle (AD 271). While Aurelian was marching with his army to invade Persia his Praetorian Guard murdered him in Thrace, Greece. Answer (1 of 3): The assassination had nothing to do with the Praetorian Guard. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself. Alarming news from Asia Minor forced Aurelian to leave the theatre of operations in Raetia and Gaul before the campaign against the Germans was completed. In an inscription from Tarragona (AE 1930, 150), she combines the qualities of mater castrorum et senatus et patriae (mother of the camps and of the Senate and of the homeland), that is that she receives titles normally reserved for emperors. Unknown. Ancient Roman Coin. Other sources (Zonaras, George Syncellus) tell of disturbances in Gaul at the end of Aurelians reign. He marched through Asia Minor (Turkey) unchallenged. Aurelian was designated as legate of the Third Legion. More from This Artist Similar Designs. Abe lies on the ground after being shot. The walls were 3.5 meters (11 feet) thick, 8 meters (26 feet) tall, and 19 kilometers (12 miles) long. Comparative research with other sources from his era has rendered some details more secure than others. 14. Aurelian adopted a military career, and by his skill, courage, and bodily strength he ultimately became one of the Empire's greatest generals of the 3rd . Many details about Aurelian's early life come from the Historia Augusta and are considered unreliable. [41] Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. Les Classics. Pseudo-Victor and John Xiphilinus place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Macedonia (overlapping with Dacia Mediterranea). Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory. He would go on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. Lets have a closer look at how did Aurelian achieve this amazing feat! NEW MAP: Europe 275: Assassination of Aurelian (September 275) https://buff.ly/3rq8iBQ Aurelian's victory in Gaul restored unity to the Roman Empire, a feat the Senate acknowledged by granting him. [14] Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of Italica, in modern Spain. With the important exception of Gallienuss wife Salonina, never have we seen an empress so regularly associated with her husband on coin issues, including the Severan dynasty where the Syrian princesses enjoyed considerable political power. The new rgimes economic retaliation on the territory of the former Gallic Empire was real enough. The demise of Palmyra now left Aurelian free to deal with the Gallic empire. This time there was no clemency shown. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the Sassanid Empire. Quintus Aurelian was an Imperial general and politican. Zenobia quickly moved to consolidate power across the east, much to the annoyance of Roman officials. By contrast, a spectacular correction to the portrait occurs in the 3rd issue from Rome and the 2nd from Ticinum: it is certainly the same person who is shown, now mostly wearing a cuirass or shown in heroic nudity, but the effigy is heavier and the features are thicker. After the battle, Crinitus thanked Valerian, the emperor at the time, for providing him with such a talented deputy. In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defence of Italia and the Balkans. Was: $174.99. However the six or seven months of interregnum mentioned by Latin sources result from a confusion between a real period when there was a power vacuum and the brief reigns of Tacitus and of Florian quasi quidam interreges inter Aurelianum et Probum (HA, Tac. The origins of Sol Invictus, the cult of the Unconquered Sun, are uncertain, but it may have been a fusion of the eastern cult of Elagabalus with the ancient Latin cult of Sol, created in a bid to bring unity to the empire. Afraid of punishment, Eros forged an order for the execution of high officials from the Praetorian Guard. c. Aurelian d. Decius. The notarius Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the Praetorian Guard, fearing punishment from the emperor, murdered him in late September or early October 275, in Caenophrurium, Thrace.[52]. The new emperor immediately ordered the Senate to deify Gallienus. Julius Caesar. The free distribution of bread was reorganized and rations of pork, oil and salt were added to the dole. Wild rumours spread through Rome like wildfire. These donatives in gold demonstrate that the decision about Aurelians successor was in abeyance and that far from the senatorial circles of Rome: in the headquarters of the various provincial armies. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia . Meaning of aurelian. He reigned from 270 to 275. But in October or November at Caenophrurium, a small Thracian town between Perinthus and Byzantium, he discovered that his private secretary, a certain Eros, had lied to him on a minor matter. A few days before his assassination, Aurelians secretary Eros had told a minor lie to the emperor. At the age of 21, Aurelian entered the Roman military, where he quickly distinguished himself. The murder was twinly treason and sacrilege, taking place on the steps of the Great Chantry of . IT very much continued under the reigns of Probus . More honors came his way; he was now known as Parthicus Maximus and Restitutor Orientis ("Restorer of the East").[33]. The style of the imperial portrait of the earliest coin issues of Tacitus from the mints of Rome and of Ticinum show that they, unlike Lyon, were prepared in the absence of the new emperor. Obverse: Radiate, cuirassed bust of the Emperor to right . He proceeded to Gaul and defeated the army of Tetricus on the Campi Catalaunii (Chlons-sur-Marne) (AD 274). He was 39. TIEPOLO, GIAMBATTISTA Venecia, 1696 - Madrid, 1770 Queen Zenobia before the Emperor Aurelian Ca. Aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the Romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole. Steven T. Munchin. [36] The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several usurpersSeptimius, Urbanus, Domitianus, and the rebellion of Felicissimuswho tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Historian Franco Cavazzi dedicated hundreds of hours of his life to creating this website, roman-empire.net as a trove of educational material on this fascinating period of history. He was a very able emperor and achieved so much in 5 years . Following that, Claudius . Riots ensued, no doubt encouraged by senators who sought to undermine Aurelians authority as much as possible. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus was born of humble parents at Sirmium sometime between 207 and 215 AD most likely on September 9th, 214 AD. The bed of the Tiber was cleared and its banks were repaired. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. while riding in a motorcade in Dallas during a campaign visit. Only the city of Tyana resisted him (AD 272). He was buried in Caenophrurium, Thrace. They had crossed the Brenner Pass and invaded northern Italy. In fact, it displays on the reverse a standard design of restitutio orbis showing the emperor in military dress raising the kneeling personification of Oikoumene (the inhabited world). Aurelian was probably murdered in September or October 275. Zenobia minted coins bearing the images of Aurelian as emperor and Vaballathus . After expelling the invaders, he may have briefly restored the frontier of the Agri Decumates.in wikipedia, In the summer of 275 Aurelian mobilized his army to march against Persia and by September was approaching Byzantium. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed[32] can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own dies imperii at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a usurper.[33]. This was intended to reinforce the legitimacy of the new emperor with the troops and was distributed in the presence of Tacitus. His assassins were junior officers: only the name of their chief, a certain Mucapor, is known to us; the most detailed sources tell of a plot involving tribunes or praetorians. . However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. There is some evidence that Aurelian's wife, Ulpia Severina, who had been declared Augusta in 274, ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death, although this is just speculative. In the summer of AD 275 he set out towards Asia, gathering an army as he continued eastwards. The Empire erupted into fresh chaos in 3E 298 with the assassination of High Chancellor Gaius Horatius. Two years later, when Claudius died his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. Originally named Cenabum, Aurelian rebuilt and renamed it Aurelianum or Aureliana Civitas ("city of Aurelian", cit d'Aurlien), which evolved into Orlans. Also measures were introduced to reduced embezzlement, extortion and corruption among imperial and provincial administrations. They bore the mark XXI (or its Greek numeral form KA), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver denarius. It was an inspired move, bringing several Greek cities and the entire province of Egypt back into the empire without a fight. [citation needed], Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. $17.50. It is commonly accepted that Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. The minting authorities provoked a shortage by striking the aurelianus in reduced quantities: hoards show that the essential currency in circulation was then comprised of unreformed radiates of the Gallic emperors Victorinus and Tetricus and their numerous copies. More from This Artist Similar Designs. Aurelian, in the span of five years, reconquered Gaul and Palmyra. So in this timeline, Aurelian survives the assassination attempt by some of his officers. Aurelius Victor recycles information that he found in the now lost Kaisergeschichte: an interregnum of six months took place after the death of Aurelian during which the Senate and the army sought a successor. However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. However, it would be wrong to think of these rebels as a real threat. Florianus is still killed by his . Additionally, some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death. During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the Edict of Thessalonica. In . [19], Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor Gallienus' entourage. With the assassination of Odaenathus, Zenobia became the regent of Palmyra on behalf of her son Vaballathus. a. Augusti Aurelian's father was probably a veteran of the Roman army. Yet, on this point, our evidence, which is mainly based on coinage, is very limited. Consequently, Aurelian decided to invade. [citation needed] Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a senator and corrector (governor) of Lucania et Bruttium. He ruled only 5 years until his assassination, yet he did much to end the crisis of the third century. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized persecutions.[43][44][45][46]. [23] In four years, Aurelian had secured the frontiers of the Empire and reunified it. However, he decided to abandon the province of Dacia, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as too difficult and expensive to defend. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony. To protect the Alps and the access to Gallia Lugdunensis and northern Italy from the barbarians he left some of his army commanders, or vicarii, in the western provinces, among them the future emperor Tacitus, who was to receive the title of Germanicus Maximus shortly after his accession. The reason for the assassination was rather mundane. That right, which since the start of the Empire was purely theoretical, was limited to bronze, and to bronze issued at Rome. He rebuilt the walls around Rome. [49], Rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 BC, and for free since 58 BC through the Cura Annonae. Probus, Aurelian's chief general and future successor, reconquered Egypt; Aurelian re-took the separatist Gallic Empire. It is also noteworthy that his assassination was a hastily carried out plot. The record of Aurelianus is well known . During this period, Aurelians widow Ulpia Severina seems to have been acknowledged as empress, with coins being minted in her name. Aurelian had a reputation for quickly and decisively eliminating perceived threats, so no one on the list was prepared to take chances. When a group of Goths invaded Illyria and Thrace, Ulpius had fallen ill, so he ordered Aurelian to deal with the invaders. Aurelian. Much more serious was the threat posed to the empire by great parts having been severed from it; in the west by the Gallic empire; and in the east by the Queen Zenobia of Palmyra. History repeats because human nature never changes. In late AD 274 Aurelian first dealt with disorder at Lugdunum (Lyons) and then went north to fight off an invasion of Raetia by the Juthungi (Jutes). His assassins were junior officers: only the name of their chief, a certain Mucapor, is known to us; the most detailed sources tell of a plot involving tribunes . The 6th-century chronicler John Malalas wrote that he died at the age of 61,[5] hence he was born in 214. No matter the short period of his reign, Emperor Aurelian achieved unimaginable. The rationalis Felicissimus, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects. So that leaves me asking what the Roman Empire would've looked like if Aurelian . In the aftermath of the assassination, three prominent political figures staked claims to lead Haiti, a turbulent Caribbean nation of 11 million people and one of the poorest countries in the world. Emperor Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. During the Roman Republic, the name of the moneyer would appear on the coinage just as today the Secretary of the Treasury's signature appears on our paper currency - i.e. [25] The war against Aureolus and the concentration of forces in Italy allowed the Alamanni to break through the Rhaetian limes along the upper Danube. A secretary of his (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. [26], While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the Balkans reporting large-scale attacks from the Heruli, Goths, Gepids, and Bastarnae. They could have been due to the return of the barbarians to a territory which was no longer being protected by the Gallic emperors, or to the discontent of the civil population faced by some of the consequences of Aurelians reconquest, such as political retaliation, economic and fiscal sanctions. [16] Aurelian was reportedly his deputy for a time. Under Gallienuss successor, Claudius II Gothicus, Aurelian became commander of the entire Roman army. Six emperors came and went before the next strong ruler, Diocletian, came on to the scene. [d] However, although Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his nomen which could indicate Italian settler ancestry and even this is contested his rise to the highest ranks is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. [27], Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. [33], The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. At the same time, a group of moneyers from Lyon must have been transferred to the mint at Ticinum in northern Italy as the work of a engraver from Lyon can be identified there. Aurelian did not pursue them, for his presence was more urgently required in Rome.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'roman_empire_net-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-large-leaderboard-2-0'); The riots were still going on. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram, The war against the Palmyrene Empire is described in Zosimus, 1,50,11,61,1, and, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Constantius heros (ILCV 66) An elegiac testimony on the decline of the Late Roman West", "LacusCurtius: Templum Solis (Platner & Ashby, 1929)", "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague", Realencyclopdie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurelian&oldid=1142189337, Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard, Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:41. 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