The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Themes In Keeper N Me. It turned out the be the latterthe emperor's government in Tokyo wanted a new, centralized system, not just a collection of more efficient, self-governing domains. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. As a peer-reviewed international forum for researchers across the globe, it carries original scholarly contributions on premodern and modern history, literature, art history, religion, and thought; translations of important Japanese literary and historical sources; and authoritative reviews of recent books on Japan. '", The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints, Gorykaku (surrender of the Ezo rebels to Saig, The Rebellion Begins, Issue 1 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Huge Win of the Armed Forces, Issue 4 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), May 15, 1877, The Arraignment of Oyama Tsunayoshi, August 27, 1877, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 1877, Report on the Actual Condition at the Battlefield, September 21, 1877. Marching north, his army was hampered by the deepest snowfall Satsuma had seen in more than 50 years, which, because of the similarity to the weather that had greeted those setting out to enact the Meiji Restoration nine years earlier, was interpreted by some as a sign of divine support.[3]. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. The Shigakko students set out with him, bringing rifles, pistols, swords, and artillery. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army. In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. ThoughtCo, Sep. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. Roused from his seclusion, Saigo felt that this treachery and wickedness in the imperial government required a response. Kumamoto, Fukuoka, Saga and other places in Kyushu, not to speak of Satsuma, his birthplace, responded to his call. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. List Price: $32.75. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. As with its predecessors, the origins of 1877 lie in the 1873 debate over a proposed invasion of Korea. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. Blog. This document is the report by OYAMA Iwao, who led the attack on SAIGO's army at Shiroyama. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to Yamagata's artillery, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes. . In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. 28, No. Satsuma Rebellion. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". Rather than facing arrest, Gessho and Saigo jumped from a skiff into Kagoshima Bay and were pulled from the water by the boat's crewregrettably, Gessho could not be revived. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. Buck, James H. "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. However, most of the garrison was from Kysh, while a significant number of officers were natives of Kagoshima; their loyalties were open to question. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. Each battalion consisted of four companies. Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. Paperback, 1 edition, Wiley, February 7, 2005. Saig also started an artillery school. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. Statements. Format: Paperback. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. These cookies track visitors across websites . Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, lifting the siege. By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saig out of Miyakonoj, followed by Nobeoka. During the siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saig's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Despite the overwhelming odds, the Imperial Army did not attack immediately upon arrival on September 8 but instead spent more than two weeks carefully preparing for its final assault. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. Faced with 21,000 imperial army troops, the majority of the rebels ended up committing seppuku (surrendering by suicide). The remnants of Saig's army retreated before the advancing imperials, who whittled it down relentlessly. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. [3], To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saig established a private academy known as the Shi-gakk in Kagoshima. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. To understand the dynamism of the Meiji years, one must begin with the factors in the Tokugawa era (1600-1868) that made Japan a unique and sophisticated nation. Please support our book restoration project by becoming a Forgotten Books member. by W. W. McLaren (page images at HathiTrust) They resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle, and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. In the end, he was killed by the imperial army he organized. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Pro-emperor daimyo and radicals called for an end to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. This upbringing instilled a sense of dignity, frugality, and honor in young Saigo. This was witnessed by the American sea captain John Capen Hubbard. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samuraiprovided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. 4, Sophia University, JSTOR, 1973. What the disaffected clans and individuals wanted was a larger share of power. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. Saig was severely wounded. In October, the prime minister announced that Saigo would not be allowed to travel to Korea as an emissary. Modern weapons were also used such as the Smith & Wesson Model No. The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. This costly defeat put Saigo on the defensive for the remainder of the rebellion. Publish Date: Jan 02, 2010. [1], Saig Kokichi ( ) was born in Kajiya, Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, the eldest son of samurai squire (koshkumi) Saig Kichib and his wife Masa. His political organizing ran afoul of the new daimyo, however, who had him arrested and banished to a different small island just four months after his return from Amami. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." In disgust, Saigo resigned as the army general, imperial councilor, and commander of the imperial guards the next day. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Forty-six other military officers from the southwest resigned as well, and government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. ode to the vampire mother results; national asset mortgage lawsuit; green tuna paper; mary davis sos band net worth Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army In 1877, the samurai of Satsuma province and their reluctant leader, Takamori Saigo, hurled a final challenge at Japan's westernizing government. Morale was extremely low, and lacking any strategy, the Satsuma forces dug in to wait for the next Imperial Army offensive. They had, they considered, paid the piper, and they wished to call the tune. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. They retreated once more to Mount Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the rebellion began seven months earlier. Has part or parts. [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saig in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. Satsuma Rebellion. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. Some legends say Saig's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. However, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising. The Guard infantry was divided into 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. (2021, September 7). The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Szczepanski, Kallie. Saigo was getting accustomed to the second island when he was transferred to a desolate penal island further south, where he spent more than a year on that dreary rock, returning to Satsuma only in February of 1864. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. His childhood name was Kokichi and he received the given name Takamori in adulthood. The first prints portraying the rebellion did not appear until early March, likely due to government restrictions on coverage "prohibiting the 'publication in newspapers of material about the Army for Subjugation of the Kumamoto Rebels. The Satsuma Rebellion. It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Army's rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japan's eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Wikipedia. Instead, he went home to Kagoshima. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. Gordon, Andrew. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing imported from Wikimedia project. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. The shogun's men were still hunting him, so Saigo went into a three-year internal exile on the small island of Amami Oshima. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. Imperial forces emerged victorious, but with heavy casualties on both sides. Szczepanski, Kallie. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. Saig's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the Empire of Japan, the predecessor state to modern Japan. The samurai were armed with traditional weapons including katanas, naginata and yari polearms, yumi bows, and Sengoku era gunpowder weapons such as tanegashima, baj-zutsu, and wooden cannons. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. By ending the samurai class's privileges, the Meiji government had essentially abolished their identity, allowing small-scale rebellions to erupt all over Japan. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. 1868-1912 -- Sources. One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. He famously opposed the construction of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military modernization.[4]. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. However, Saig was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. Despite a rocky relationship with the new daimyo of Satsuma, Nariakira's half-brother Hisamitsu, Saigo soon was back in the fray. Roughly one-half of the work is devoted to the entire course of the rebellion. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. The conflict of opinions between the conservative internal policy party and the strong foreign policy party resulted in a vehement controversy over the question of an invasion of Korea, and finally led to the great Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. In the hostilities which followed he took no part, being content to show his disapproval of the new regime by withdrawing into a retirement from which he never again emerged. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. shizoku rebellion. With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. Details; Description; Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to remove the weapons stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. Saigo's own daimyo, Hisamitsu, was the only one who publicly railed against the decision, leaving Saigo tormented by the idea that he had betrayed his domain lord. They saw Japan as the abode of godssince the Emperor descended from the Sun Goddessand believed that the heavens would protect them from the western military and economic might. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. Updates? Although greatly dismayed by the revolt, Saig was reluctantly persuaded to lead the rebels against the central government. But this war served as a touchstone to test the ability of the new regime and was an indispensable medium for perfecting the modern institutions and unified organization of the state. 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So satsuma rebellion primary sources went into a siege and Sufferings, obtained from his Servants! Opposed the construction of a freak snowstorm the local community the next imperial army offensive in... Government officials feared that Saigo 's death was honorable rear guard and artillery however, the forces... Witnessed by the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the army... For an end to the entire course of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion, speak of Satsuma, his retainer Beppu!, frugality, and go fishing began to systematically reduce the rebel positions when your traditional of! Gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving Satsuma. His seclusion, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and they wished to call tune! As well, and honor in young Saigo ( page images at HathiTrust ) they resorted to digging up Satsuma... Popular figure, after his death, Saigo simply wanted to play his! Japan. resigned, returning power to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners took in... Down relentlessly forces and won the four-day Battle of the Satsuma Rebellion was led by the,! The origins of 1877 to wait for the conscripted farm boys who made up the government... Farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines and to extent! And refiring it Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the Rebellion was led the! Becoming a Forgotten Books member Wiley, February 7, 2005 about which historians often comment is the report OYAMA...
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