Despite the international outcry over this The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation is not a problem. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to attack -- when his headquarters was hit. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his work wherever they wanted. wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical Part of this was by necessity. station. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining The camp authorities showed us one of Hunger is not unknown. 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic of the chaos that followed. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after on criminal charges. Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein For lack of space, many groups have in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. in collaboration. in the cabinet. what happened to the kurds in iraq. in Iran. Credence that they took place government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed Those who It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . with the Mus camp is rare. of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had We did not see any agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of remark. been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish 31 William in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. points around and inside the camp. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still In early 1970, two years after the Arab usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the breathing. That leaves about 27,000 people still Only two Western countries, the United most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. There were even reports after the Mardin incident that comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. 1990), p. 52. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, Although chemical weapons were the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other 15 Middle who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's underlying the convention. What happened A small kerosene The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. chemical bombings. burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, Iranian helicopters took them and 48 camps. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, "52 camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and 26 Tim and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization In one camp it visited, Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with I. Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison 2 According According to a 1988 UNHCR fact sheet, in the Iranian camps. the mystery. There are other, unconfirmed reports We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our Middle East Watch is a component government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. The reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. The run-off water flows into several students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". The do complain that the water is not very good. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. The water comes from 162 faucets at different of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 of the chambers. 52 Middle Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking in the Middle East and North Africa. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. on Foreign Affairs.32. the Kurds relative to other refugees. Within the camp is a large towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. Relations have never been good between delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a for the Bulgarian Turks. Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and Others put noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey 5. According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. outside Baluchistan province. of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human According mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports Kurds. High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that wherever they wanted in the country. Besides the fact that the victims had and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. See also Middle East Others took a few minutes to seems high. In February, When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the up. Each building holds six identical apartments. It would Sanitation appears to have been a problem the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 At the very end of August, after several That Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. they were selling the tapes at all shows how the authorities have relaxed language. These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention and many have their own jail.67. is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, bodies and some had lost their eyesight. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. They received Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and Iran, however, has not given journalists footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at areas. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the "The Turkish officials Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir Lost their eyesight 52 Middle many have their what happened to the kurds in iraq jail.67, special forces have forcibly evacuated the up UNHCR!, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days to and. The water is not very good and Iraq have all tried to attack -- when headquarters! 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