Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. Nepal 5 22-44. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. Geol. Ninety percent of water pipes and almost all telephone lines would be put out of service. Res. [5], A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. natural hazards. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Only four storeys were left) Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. He National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Jorganesh Press. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. 6 85-98. Publ. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. Damage to a man-made structure. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. affected during this earthquake. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. 483, pp. The worst damage in Terai was observed in Siraha and Saptari Districts. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. 117, S2, 773-782. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. When we look back in to history and find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. 82 2945-2969. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. Geol. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. Nature B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Nepal saw the extensive damage in half of its part including capital; whereas in India only a small northern part, Bihar, was affected. Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. India Memoir. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. 3. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. Read John's blog. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. J. Int. 4, pp. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(B7), 62036227. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability. 1935 A report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the measures taken in consequence thereof up to the 31st December 1934. , Relief Commissioner, Bihar and Orissa. The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. 4 259-277. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Heres The Truth! No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. Mem. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? - 1st January, 1930". R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Floods If the earthquake happens in areas of dams, reservoirs, the damage is multiplied. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 74(3) 213-229. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). The study reported that the recovery was faster . . Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. (1981). This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. , - . Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. India Geol. and Geology at UC Davis and The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). 1st English edition. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. 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